WHAT ARE THE INSTANCES WHERE A CONSIGNATION PRODUCES THE EFFECT OF PAYMENT EVEN WITHOUT PRIOR TENDER OF PAYMENT?

The creditor is absent or unknown, or does not appear at the place of payment.
The creditor is incapacitated to receive the payment at the time it is due;
The creditor refuses to give a receipt without just cause;
Two or more persons claim the right to collect; and
The title to the obligation has been lost.

WHICH COURTS OR TRIBUNALS HAVE JURISDICTION TO HEAR EMPLOYMENT-RELATED COMPLAINTS?

The existence of an employer-employee relationship between the parties is a jurisdictional requisite for the exercise of jurisdiction over a labor dispute by the Labor Arbiter or any other labor tribunals.
If there is a reasonable causal connection between the claim asserted and the employer-employee relationship, then the case is within the jurisdiction of labor courts.
In the absence of such nexus, it is the regular courts that have jurisdiction.
Not every controversy or money claim by an employee against the employer or vice-versa is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the labor arbiter.
Actions between employees and employer where the employer-employee relationship is merely incidental and the cause of action precedes from a different source of obligation is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the regular court.

Any person, partnership, association or corporation, singly or jointly with others but not more than fifteen (15) in number, may organize a corporation for any lawful purpose or purposes.
Natural persons who are licensed to practice a profession shall not be allowed to organize a stock corporation unless otherwise provided under special laws.
Nonstock corporations may be formed or organized for charitable, religious, educational, professional, cultural, fraternal, literary, scientific, social, civic service, or similar purposes.

A Patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an invention.
The patent law has a three-fold purpose: “first, patent law seeks to foster and reward invention; second, it promotes disclosures of invention; and third, to ensure that ideas in the public domain remain there for the free use of the public.”
In rewarding a useful invention, the rights and welfare of the community must be fairly dealt with and effectively guarded.