Copyright infringement is thus committed by any person who shall use original literary or artistic works, or derivative works, without the copyright owner’s consent in such a manner as to violate the copy and economic rights. For a claim of copyright infringement to prevail, the evidence on record must demonstrate: (1) ownership of a validly copyrighted material by the complainant; and (2) infringement of the copyright by the respondent. (Olano, et al v. Co, G.R. No. 195835, March 14, 2016)

Two essential principles must guide entrepreneurs when choosing a business name: first, the name must not be identical or confusingly similar to an existing registered business name, corporate name, or trademark; and second, it must not violate any existing law, rule, or regulation.

Well-settled is the maxim that damage resulting from the legitimate exercise of a person’s rights is a loss without injury — damnum absque injuria — for which the law gives no remedy. In other words, one who merely exercises one’s rights does no actionable injury and cannot be held liable for damages. (Amonoy v. Spouses Gutierrez, G.R. No. 140420)

Legitimacy and filiation are two different concepts. Therefore, while the law grants the husband the sole right to impugn his child’s legitimacy, the same child may bring an action to establish that she is not filiated to her mother’s husband. (James Cua Ko v. Republic of the Philippines, G.R. No. 210984, April 12, 2023)

Employees may validly refuse an employer’s order only when the order is unreasonable, unlawful, immoral, impossible, or unrelated to their job duties. In contrast, refusal of a lawful and reasonable order may constitute willful disobedience or insubordination, which is a just cause for dismissal under the Labor Code.

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Registering your business name is both a legal requirement and a protective measure for the public and the business owner. It ensures transparency, avoids confusion, and helps establish the owner’s accountability. For sole proprietorships, complying with Republic Act No. 3883 provides a lawful foundation for conducting business in the Philippines and upholds the integrity of commercial transactions.

Stipulations authorizing the imposition of iniquitous or unconscionable interest are contrary to morals, if not against the law. Under Article 1409 of the Civi l Code, these contracts are inexistent and void from the beginning.

Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must, at all times, be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency; act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives. (Article XI, Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution)

Public officers and employees hold in trust powers that they exercise in behalf of the public. Hence, they are held to higher standards than ordinary citizens to keep the people’s faith in the State. (Neri v. Office of the Ombudsman, G.R. No. 212467, July 5, 2021)